Takayasu arteritis: differential diagnosis in a teenager with severe acute kidney injury - a case report / Arterite de Takayasu: diagnóstico diferencial em adolescente com lesão renal aguda grave - relato de caso

ABSTRACT Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition of unknown cause that involves large vessels - particularly the aorta and its branches - such as the carotid, coronary, pulmonary, and renal arteries. The left subclavian artery is the most frequently involved vessel. Stenosis of the renal artery has been reported in 23-31% of the cases and may result in malignant hypertension, ischemic renal disease, decompensated heart failure, and premature death. Involvement of both renal arteries is uncommon. Early onset anuria and acute kidney injury are rare and have been reported only in a few cases in the literature. This report describes the case of a 15-year-old female with constitutional symptoms evolving for a year, combined with headache, nausea, and vomiting, in addition to frequent visits to emergency services and insufficient clinical examination. The patient worsened significantly six months after the onset of symptoms and developed acute pulmonary edema, oliguria, acute kidney injury, and difficult-to-control hypertension, at which point she was admitted for intensive care and hemodialysis. Initial ultrasound examination showed she had normal kidneys and stenosis-free renal arteries. The patient was still anuric after 30 days of hospitalization. A biopsy was performed and revealed her kidneys were normal. Computed tomography angiography scans of the abdominal aorta presented evidence of occlusion of both renal arteries. The patient met the diagnostic criteria for Takayasu arteritis and had a severe complication rarely described in the literature: stenosis of the two renal arteries during the acute stage of ischemic renal disease.

RESUMO A Arterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma doença inflamatória crônica, granulomatosa, de causa desconhecida, que afeta grandes vasos, principalmente a aorta e seus ramos, incluindo artérias carótidas, coronárias, pulmonares e renais, sendo a artéria subclávia esquerda o vaso mais acometido. A estenose da artéria renal é relatada em 23-31% dos casos e pode resultar em hipertensão maligna, insuficiência renal por isquemia, descompensação cardíaca e morte prematura. O acometimento bilateral de artérias renais é incomum, sendo rara a presença de anúria súbita e lesão renal aguda como sintoma inicial da doença, com poucos relatos na literatura. O caso reporta uma adolescente de 15 anos com sintomas constitucionais durante um ano de evolução, associados a problemas como cefaleia, náuseas e vômitos, com idas frequentes a serviços de emergência, sem adequada investigação clínica. Após 6 meses do início dos sintomas, a paciente evoluiu de forma grave, com quadro de edema agudo de pulmão, oligúria, lesão renal aguda e hipertensão arterial de difícil controle, sendo necessário suporte em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e hemodiálise. A ultrassonografia inicial mostrava rins normais e artérias renais sem sinais de estenose. Após 30 dias de internamento, paciente permanecia anúrica, sendo realizada biópsia renal que se mostrou dentro dos padrões da normalidade. Angiotomografia de aorta abdominal evidenciou oclusão bilateral de artérias renais. A paciente descrita fechou critérios diagnósticos para arterite de Takayasu e manifestou uma complicação grave pouco descrita na literatura: estenose bilateral de artérias renais, ainda na fase aguda da nefropatia isquêmica.

Estenosis de la arteria renal unilateral de diagnóstico neonatal / Neonatal diagnosis of unilateral renal artery stenosis

La estenosis de la arteria renal es una causa rara de hipertensión arterial neonatal de origen renovascular. Hay muy pocos casos descritos en la literatura en esta etapa. La mayor parte de los pacientes con esta afectación permanecen asintomáticos, y la hipertensión se detecta en las revisiones pediátricas rutinarias. El diagnóstico puede realizarse mediante la combinación de hallazgos bioquímicos y radiológicos. El manejo inicial del paciente se basa en terapia farmacológica hasta alcanzar un crecimiento adecuado para evaluar la reparación definitiva de la lesión vascular o la nefrectomía en caso de supresión funcional del riñón afecto. Se presenta a una paciente femenina recién nacida a término, con hipertensión arterial e importante falla cardíaca congestiva, originada por una estenosis unilateral de la arteria renal, con supresión funcional y atrofia del riñón afecto, que precisó importante soporte inotrópico y antihipertensivo durante los primeros días de vida, con importante mejoría clínica posterior.

Renal artery stenosis represents a rare cause of neonatal arterial hypertension of renovascular origin, having been described few cases in the literature at this stage of life. Most patients with this disease remain asymptomatic; hypertension can be detected in routine pediatric revisions. Diagnosis can be performed by combining biochemical and radiological findings. The initial management consists of pharmacological therapy in order to achieve adequate growth. Subsequently, it is necessary to assess definitive repair of the vascular lesion or nephrectomy in the case of functional abolition of the affected kidney. We present a term newborn female, with arterial hypertension and an important congestive heart failure, caused by a unilateral renal artery stenosis, with functional abolition and atrophy of the affected kidney, which required an important inotropic and antihypertensive support during her first days of life, with significant clinical improvement subsequently.

Diagnosis and management of systemic hypertension due to renovascular and aortic stenosis in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome

SUMMARY AIM To describe the incidence, diagnosis, and management of systemic arterial hypertension related to renal artery stenosis in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. METHODS Sixty-five patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome were evaluated for hypertension. Enrolled patients underwent Doppler sonography of the renal arteries and Doppler echocardiography. Those with Doppler sonography-detected lesions or with normal Doppler sonography but severe hypertension underwent computed tomography or gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the aorta and renal vessels. Patients needing vascular therapeutic intervention underwent conventional angiography. RESULTS Systemic arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 21/65 patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome (32%; 13 male) with a mean age of 13.9 years (5mo-20yrs). In 8/21 patients renovascular hypertension was detected. Angioplasty was unsuccessful in five patients with renal artery stenosis, requiring additional treatment. Doppler echocardiography showed cardiac abnormalities in 16/21 (76%) hypertensive patients. CONCLUSION Cardiac abnormalities and hypertension in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome are common. Thus, thorough evaluation and follow-up are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risks and mortality of these patients

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a incidência, o diagnóstico e o tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica relacionada com estenose da artéria renal em pacientes com síndrome de Williams-Beuren. MÉTODOS Sessenta e cinco pacientes com síndrome de Williams-Beuren foram avaliados quanto à presença de hipertensão. Os pacientes foram submetidos à ultrassonografia com Doppler das artérias renais e ecocardiograma Doppler. Aqueles com suspeita de hipertensão renovascular foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada ou angiografia por ressonância magnética da aorta e vasos renais ou angiografia convencional. RESULTADOS A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi diagnosticada em 21/65 pacientes com síndrome de Williams-Beuren (32%, 13 do sexo masculino), com idade média de 13,9 anos (5 meses-20 anos). Em 8/21 pacientes foi detectada a hipertensão renovascular. Angioplastia não teve sucesso em cinco pacientes com estenose da artéria renal, necessitando de tratamento adicional. O ecocardiograma Doppler mostrou anormalidades cardíacas em 16/21 (76%) pacientes hipertensos. CONCLUSÃO As anormalidades cardíacas e hipertensão arterial em pacientes com síndrome de Williams-Beuren são muito frequentes, sendo necessários uma avaliação minuciosa e seguimento para diminuir o risco cardiovascular e a morbimortalidade desses pacientes

Dissecção espontânea da artéria renal: relato de caso / Spontaneous dissection of the renal artery: case report

A dissecção espontânea da artéria renal é uma patologia rara que, na maioria dos casos, ocorre de forma idiopática. Em alguns casos, pode estar associada à presença de alterações arteriais prévias. Os sintomas geralmente são discretos e inespecíficos, dificultando o diagnóstico. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 40 anos, com quadro de hipertensão arterial não controlada de início recente. Na investigação da etiologia da hipertensão arterial, o eco-Doppler de artérias renais revelou a presença de estenose (> 80%) no terço médio da artéria renal esquerda, e a angiografia evidenciou uma dissecção com dupla luz e redução do calibre do vaso. O paciente foi submetido a tratamento com implante de stent com evolução satisfatória.

Spontaneous renal artery dissection is rare and most cases are considered idiopathic. Previous renal arterial disease may be present in some cases and clinical presentation is often non-specific. Here, the authors present a case of spontaneous renal artery dissection in a 40-year-old male patient with uncontrolled hypertension discovered during investigation of secondary hypertension. Duplex ultrasound initially showed 80% left renal artery stenosis which was shown to be a renal artery dissection during angiography. The patient was successfully managed by percutaneous placement of a renal artery stent.

Low-energy shock wave preconditioning reduces renal ischemic reperfusion injury caused by renal artery occlusion

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate whether low energy shock wave preconditioning could reduce renal ischemic reperfusion injury caused by renal artery occlusion. Methods: The right kidneys of 64 male Sprague Dawley rats were removed to establish an isolated kidney model. The rats were then divided into four treatment groups: Group 1 was the sham treatment group; Group 2, received only low-energy (12 kv, 1 Hz, 200 times) shock wave preconditioning; Group 3 received the same low-energy shock wave preconditioning as Group 2, and then the left renal artery was occluded for 45 minutes; and Group 4 had the left renal artery occluded for 45 minutes. At 24 hours and one-week time points after reperfusion, serum inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), creatinine (Cr), and cystatin C (Cys C) levels were measured, malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue was detected, and changes in nephric morphology were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Results: Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, serum iNOS, NGAL, Cr, Cys C, and MDA levels in Group 3 were significantly lower than those in Group 4; light and electron microscopy showed that the renal tissue injury in Group 3 was significantly lighter than that in Group 4. One week after reperfusion, serum NGAL, KIM-1, and Cys C levels in Group 3 were significantly lower than those in Group 4. Conclusion: Low-energy shock wave preconditioning can reduce renal ischemic reperfusion injury caused by renal artery occlusion in an isolated kidney rat model.

Intermittent claudication and severe renal artery stenosis are independently associated in hypertensive patients referred for renal arteriography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the presence of clinical symptoms of peripheral artery disease and severe renal artery stenosis in patients referred for renal angiography. METHOD: We included 82 patients with clinical suspicion of renovascular hypertension and performed an imaging investigation (renal Doppler ultrasound and/or renal scintigraphy) for possible renal artery stenosis. All patients underwent renal arteriography and were examined for peripheral artery disease based on the presence of intermittent claudication and ankle-brachial index test results. Severe renal artery stenosis was defined as a lesion causing 70% obstruction. RESULTS: Severe renal artery stenosis was present in 32 of 82 (39%) patients. Patients with severe renal artery stenosis were older (63±12 vs 56±12 years, p=0.006), had more intermittent claudication (55 vs 45%, p=0.027), and had a greater prevalence of an ankle-brachial index <0.9 (44% vs 20%, p=0.021) than patients without severe renal artery stenosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of intermittent claudication was independently associated with renal artery stenosis ≥70% (OR: 3.33; 95% CI 1.03-10.82, p=0.04), unlike the ankle-brachial index, which showed no association (OR: 1.44; 95% CI 0.37-5.66, p=0.60). CONCLUSION: Intermittent claudication is independently associated with severe renal artery stenosis (≥70%) in patients clinically suspected of having renovascular hypertension.

Arterite de Takayasu com estenose de artéria renal diagnosticada em paciente com 65 anos de idade / Takayasu's arteritis with renal artery stenosis diagnosed in a patient with 65 years old

Resumo Arterite de Takayasu é uma doença rara, de etiologia desconhecida, que acomete a aorta e seus principais ramos. É uma patologia, geograficamente mais comum no Sudeste Asiático, que acomete principalmente mulheres em idade reprodutiva. A apresentação clínica é inespecífica, com sinais e sintomas que variam de acordo com o seguimento arterial acometido. O vaso mais comumente afetado é a artéria subclávia, enquanto a estenose de artéria renal é relativamente incomum. Comprometimento cardíaco e associação com outras patologias também podem estar presentes. Apresentamos neste relato o caso de uma paciente idosa com diagnóstico tardio de arterite de Takayasu e várias comorbidades ou complicações relacionadas.

Abstract Takayasu arteritis is a rare disease of unknown etiology that affects the aorta and its main branches. It is a condition, geographically more common in Southeast Asia, which mainly affects women of reproductive age. The clinical presentation is nonspecific, with signs and symptoms that vary according to the affected arterial segment. The most commonly affected vessel is the subclavian artery, while renal artery stenosis is relatively uncommon. Cardiac involvement and association with other diseases may also be present. We present in this report the case of an elderly patient with late diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis and various comorbidities or related complications.

Abordagem endovascular de paciente com fibrodisplasia de artéria renal bilateral associada a volumoso aneurisma renal / Endovascular approach of a patient with bilateral renal artery fibrodysplasia associated with a massive renal aneurysm

A fibrodisplasia muscular renal é de etiologia desconhecida, de origem não inflamatória e não aterosclerótica, estando associada ao desenvolvimento de estenoses e de aneurismas. Relatamos um caso de fibrodisplasia muscular renal bilateral associada a aneurisma volumoso de artéria renal tratado com angioplastia com balão e stent multicamadas.

Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is a condition of unknown etiology, with non-inflammatory, nonatheroscleroticorigin, associated to the development of stenosis and aneurysms. The authors report a case of bilateral renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia associated with a large renal artery aneurysm, treatedwith balloon angioplasty and a multilayer stent.

O tratamento da hipertensão renovascular frente aos resultados dos novos estudo / Treatment of renovascular hypertension in light of the results of new studies

O presente artigo revisa o importante papel na escolha da melhor opção de tratamento da hipertensão arterial de etiologia renovascular. Infelizmente a luz das últimas e mais atuais evidências científicas não houve diferença significativa entre as duas modalidades terapêuticas mais utilizadas, tratamento medicamentoso versus tratamento intervencionista percutâneo, na redução da morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular do paciente com hipertensão arterial e estenose de artéria renal. Sabe-se, porém, que a doença renovascular quando presente em pacientes com perda progressiva da função renal, naqueles com edema agudo de pulmão de repetição, nos pacientes com doença arterial coronária ou disfunção ventricular esquerda onde um melhor controle da pressão arterial é necessário e o mesmo não é alcançado apesar do adequado tratamento medicamentoso, a intervenção percutânea se impõe. É certo que, independente da opção terapêutica utilizada, é necessário que todas as comorbidades presentes sejam corrigidas para que melhores resultados finais sejam alcançados. A investigação precoce baseada em critérios clínicos de probabilidade somada ao auxílio de exames complementares permitirão maiores chances de acerto diagnóstico, cuja certeza só existirá após a realização da intervenção escolhida. Infelizmente a certeza que hoje temos em relação à opção diagnóstica mais adequada não existe quanto aos resultados tardios, exceto nas condições já exposta.

This article reviews the important role of the choice of best treatment option for arterial hypertension of renovascular etiology. Unfortunately, according to the latest and most upto-date scientific evidence, there is no significant difference between the two most commonly used modes of therapy: drug treatment vs. percutaneous interventionist treatment,in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with arterial hypertension and stenosis of the renal artery. However, it is known that in renovascular disease, when present in patients with progressive loss of renal function, in those with acute repetition edema of the lung, and in those with coronary arterial disease or left ventricular dysfunction, where better control of blood pressure is necessary but is not achieved despite adequate drug treatment, percutaneous intervention is necessary. Undoubtedly, regardless of the therapeutic option used, it is necessary for all the comorbidities present to be corrected, in order to improve the final results. Early investigation based on clinical criteria of probability, with the aid of complementary exams, will result in higher chances of obtaining the correct diagnosis, which will only be certain after the chosen intervention has been carried out. Unfortunately, the certainty that we have today as to the most appropriate diagnostic options is not borne out in the most recent results, except in the conditions mentioned above.

Estudo RFRIST (reserva de fluxo fracionada na quantificação funcional das estenoses em artérias de rins transplantados): racional e desenho do estudo / RFRIST study (fractional flow reserve in functional quantification of renal allograft artery stenosis): rationale and study design

INTRODUÇÃO: A estenose da artéria do enxerto renal é a complicação vascular mais prevalente após transplante renal. As limitações dos exames não-invasivos para seu diagnóstico são bem definidas e a angiografia permanece como padrão de referência para diagnóstico e definição terapêutica. A utilização da reserva de fluxo fracionada renal para melhor estratificação das estenoses de artéria renal nativa pode ajudar na adequada seleção de pacientes para tratamento percutâneo, porém tal método ainda não está padronizado em pacientes submetidos a transplante. O objetivo deste estudo será descrever e padronizar o protocolo de reserva de fluxo fracionada em pacientes com estenose da artéria do enxerto renal em um grupo de pacientes selecionados para intervenção renal percutânea, correlacionando o método com a angiografia. MÉTODOS: Estudo piloto, prospectivo, transversal, unicêntrico (Hospital São Paulo/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil), em que serão selecionados 10 pacientes com quadro clínico compatível com estenose da artéria do enxerto renal, com angiografia do enxerto evidenciando estenose > 60%, admitidos para intervenção renal percutânea. Como avaliação da disfunção do enxerto serão realizadas dosagens de biomarcadores da função renal. CONCLUSÕES: No presente estudo, um protocolo original de reserva de fluxo fracionada para avaliação funcional de estenose da artéria do enxerto renal será padronizado, avaliando um método auxiliar na investigação funcional que possa identificar pacientes que realmente se beneficiem com a intervenção renal percutânea.

BACKGROUND: Renal allograft artery stenosis is the most prevalent vascular complication after renal transplantation. The diagnostic limitations of noninvasive tests are well defined and angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis and therapeutic definition. The use of fractional flow reserve for a better stratification of native renal artery stenosis may be useful for an adequate selection of patients for percutaneous treatment, however this method has not yet been validated in patients undergoing transplantation. The objective of this study is to describe and standardize the fractional flow reserve protocol in patients with renal allograft artery stenosis in a group of patients selected for percutaneous renal intervention, correlating the method with angiography METHODS: Cross-sectional, single center pilot study (Hospital São Paulo/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), including 10 patients with a clinical picture compatible with renal allograft artery stenosis, with angiography showing graft stenosis > 60% and admitted for percutaneous renal intervention. Graft dysfunction assessment will include biomarkers of renal function. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a fractional flow reserve protocol for the functional assessment of renal allograft artery stenosis will be standardized, evaluating an alternative method capable of identifying patients most likely to benefit from percutaneous renal intervention.

Nefropatia isquêmica / Ischemic nephropathy

A doença renal isquêmica ou nefropatia isquêmica relacionada à doença renovascular pode evoluir de forma rápida e progressiva para a insuficiência renal crônica. É fundamental a identificação e o tratamento precoces desta condição clínica, prevenindo a ocorrência de doença renal em estágio terminal, com consequente necessidade de terapia de substituição renal. Há uma década, o controle da hipertensão renovascular era o objetivo primário no manejo de pacientes com doença renovascular. Atualmente, a meta está dirigida principalmente para a estabilização e a melhora da função renal, além do controle dos níveis pressóricos.

Ischemic renal disease or ischemic nephropathy related to renovascular disease can progress rapidly and gradually to chronic renal failure. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial for this clinical condition, because they can prevent occurrence of end-stage renal disease, with consequent need for renal replacement therapy. A decade ago, renovascular hypertension control was the primary objective in the management of patients with renovascular disease. Currently, the goal is addressed primarily to the stabilization and improvement of renal function, in addition to blood pressure control.

Pesquisa de doença aterosclerótica multiarterial em pacientes hipertensos com estenose de artéria renal / Research of multiarterial atherosclerotic disease in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis

INTRODUÇÃO: A detecção de estenose de artéria renal em pacientes hipertensos pode ser um sinal de aterosclerose arterial sistêmica. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e caracterizar do ponto de vista clínico e epidemiológico os pacientes hipertensos com estenose de artéria renal, avaliando fatores de risco cardiovascular e presença de doença aterosclerótica multiarterial sintomática. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados os pacientes hipertensos atendidos no ambulatório de Nefrologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) entre 2000-2010, com diagnóstico de estenose de artéria renal de etiologia aterosclerótica. Avaliaram-se dados epidemiológicos (gênero, idade, etnia), fatores de risco cardiovascular (Diabetes Mellitus, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, tabagismo, síndrome metabólica), informações relativas à hipertensão (tempo de diagnóstico, histórico familiar, número de medicamentos utilizados), eventos cardiovasculares prévios (infarto agudo do miocárdio, acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico, doença arterial periférica). Estratificaram-se os níveis pressóricos, risco cardiovascular global e escore Framingham. RESULTADOS: Casuística de 30 pacientes, maioria feminina (73,3%), média de idade de 66 anos, 86,67% brancos. Tempo médio de HAS de 19,94 anos, 89,28% sem histórico familiar, 13,8% com diabetes, 65,51% tabagistas, 17,25% com hipertrigliceridemia, 62,06% com hipercolesterolemia e 66,7% com síndrome metabólica. Número médio de medicamentos em uso: 3,26. Estenose de artéria renal predominante à direita quando isoladamente (46,7%) e em terço proximal (56,7%). Creatinina elevada em 40% dos pacientes. Quanto ao estágio de hipertensão, maioria estágio 2 (47%) e 73,3% com risco cardiovascular global alto. Escore Framingham Médio de 13%. 66,7% apresentavam doença aterosclerótica em outro sítio, sendo coronariano o principal (53,3%). CONCLUSÃO: A correlação mais comum foi com o infarto agudo do miocárdio, o que implica na busca do comprometimento coronário quando do diagnóstico de estenose de artéria renal em pacientes hipertensos, para tentar evitar danos futuros ao paciente.

INTRODUCTION: The detection of the renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients can be a signal of systemic arterial atherosclerosis. AIMS: To identify and characterize clinical-epidemiologically the hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis, evaluating factors of cardiovascular risk and presence of symptomatic multiarterial atherosclerotic. METHOD: Were selected the hypertensive patients who were assisted at the Nephrological Clinic of Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) between 2000-2010, with diagnosis of renal artery stenosis of atherosclerotic etiology. Epidemiological data were evaluated (gender, age, ethnicity), factors of cardiovascular risk (diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, tabagism, metabolic syndrome), information on hypertension (time of diagnosis, family report, number of used medicines), previous cardiovascular events (acute myocardial infarctation, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease). Blood pressure levels, global cardiovascular risk and Score Framingham were stratified. RESULTS: Casuistry of 30 patients, feminine majority (73.3%), average of 66 year-old age, 86.67% white, medium time of hypertension of 19.94 years, 89.92 without family report, 13.8 with diabetes, 65.51% smoking, 17.25% hypertriglyredemia, 62.06% with hypercholesterolemia and 66.7% with metabolic syndrome. Average number of medicines in use: 3.26. Dominant right-sided renal artery stenosis separately (46.7%) and in proximal third (56.7%). High creatinine levels in 40% of the patients. As for the hypertension phase, majority phase 2 (47%) and 73.3% with high global cardiovascular risk. Average Framingham Score of 13%. 66.7% presented atherosclerotic disease in another place, being infarctation the main one (53.3%). CONCLUSION: The most common correlation was with acute myocardial infarctation, what implicates in the search of the coronary compromising to the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients to try avoid future damages to the patient.

Relationship between renal artery stenosis and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease

The aim of the present investigation was to explore probable association of renal artery stenosis [RAS] with coronary artery disease [CAD] and the prevalence of renal artery stenosis [RAS] in patients with CAD. This study comprised 165 consecutive patients with CAD, including 52.7% males and 47.2% females with respective mean ages of 60.3 +/- 8.9 and 59.5 +/- 10.1. The patients underwent simultaneous coronary and renal angiographies, and the lumen reduction of 50% or more was considered as significant stenosis. Indeed, stenosis of more than 70% of the arterial lumen was regarded as severe. According to our findings, the prevalence of renal artery stenosis in our hypertensive and normotensive patients were 46.2% and 19.5% respectively [p=0.002]. Renal artery angiography revealed that 64 [38.8%] of the patients had simultaneous renal artery stenosis. RAS is more common in females than males [p=0.031]. Multivariate analysis revealed that among all examined factors, hypertension and serum creatinine were associated with RAS. There was no correlations found between gensini score and RAS [p=0.63]. We found a relatively high prevalence of RAS including 46.2% in hypertensive and 19.5% in normotensive patients in our patients with CAD

Dissecção causando estenose de artéria de rim transplando: diagnóstico por angiografia rotacional tridimensional / Dissection causing transplant renal artery stenosis: diagnosis by 3D rotational angiography

Paciente do sexo masculino, com 47 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de doença renal crônica estágio 5 por doença renal policística e em terapia dialítica por cinco anos foi submetido a transplante renal. No pós-operatório, o paciente apresentou disfunção do enxerto e hipertensão não-controlada, havendo necessidade de reintrodução da diálise. Ultrassom Doppler da artéria de rim transplantado foi sugestiva de estenose, e angiotomografia computadorizada confirmou o achado. No 49º dia de pós-operatório, foi realizada angiografia rotacional tridimensional da artéria do enxerto renal e visualizou-se imagem de dissecção causando estenose grave. Foi realizada angioplastia com implante de stent com sucesso e o paciente não mais necessita de diálise e mantém boa evolução do quadro nos últimos seis meses. Estenose de artéria renal é complicação comum, secundária, na maioria das vezes, a placa aterosclerótica. Rastreamento com ultrassom Doppler e confirmação diagnóstica com angiografia são as estratégias recomendadas, visando à intervenção. Dissecção é uma possível causa de estenose de artéria de rim transplantado.

A 47-year-old man diagnosed with stage 5 chronic kidney disease due to polycystic kidneys and on dialysis for five years was submitted to kidney transplantation. During the post-operative period the patient presented with graft dysfunction and uncontrolled hypertension, requiring reintroduction of dialysis. Doppler ultrasound suggested stenosis of the transplant renal artery, which was confirmed by CT angiography. On the 49th day after surgery, 3D rotational angiography of the renal graft artery was performed, showing dissection causing severe stenosis. Angioplasty and stent implantation were successfully performed and the patient no longer requires dialysis and has evolved well in the past six months. Transplant renal artery stenosis is a common complication, and is secondary to atherosclerotic plaque in most of the cases. Screening with Doppler ultrasound and diagnostic confirmation by angiography are the recommended strategies for intervention. Dissection is a possible cause of transplant renal artery stenosis.

Endovascular treatment of the middle aortic syndrome due to Takayasu's arteritis: case report

Síndrome da aorta média (SAM) é uma condição clínica caracterizada por estenose segmentar ou difusa da aorta, hipertensão arterial e claudicação de membros inferiores. A principal causa da SAM é a arterite de Takayasu. A estenose segmentar pode estar localizada na aorta suprarrenal, renal ou infrarrenal e com alta propensão de lesões estenóticas concomitantes das artérias renais e viscerais. A gravidade da hipertensão arterial é a principal indicação para o tratamento. A técnica endovascular para o tratamento da síndrome da aorta média tem bons resultados e é a menos invasiva. No presente artigo, é descrito o tratamento com sucesso de uma estenose da aorta toracoabdominal com recanalização da artéria mesentérica superior através de angioplastia em uma mulher de 34 anos portadora de arterite de Takayasu e hipertensão arterial grave.

Middle aortic syndrome (MAS) is a clinical condition characterized by segmental or diffuse narrowing of the aorta, hypertension, and lower limb claudication. The main cause of MAS is Takayasu's arteritis. Segmental aortic stenosis may be located at the suprarenal, renal or infrarenal aorta with high tendency to concomitant stenosis in both the renal and visceral arteries. Severity of hypertension is the primary indication for intervention. Endovascular therapy is a minimally invasive treatment for MAS and may provide good results. In the present report, we describe a successful endovascular treatment of stenosis of the thoracoabdominal aorta with recanalization of the superior mesenteric artery using angioplasty in a 34-year-old woman with Takaysu's arteritis and severe hypertension.

Trombólise tardia e espontânea de artéria renal sem comprometimento funcional / Late and spontaneous thrombolysis of renal artery without functional impairtment

A aterosclerose em artérias renais é um importante fator desencadeante de tromboses com subsequente comprometimento da função e da viabilidade renal. A oclusão aguda das artérias renais por trombo ou êmbolo é causa incomum e potencialmente reversível de falência renal. Todavia, a duração e ograu de oclusão arterial compatível com a manutenção da viabilidade do parênquima renal ainda não estão bem estabelecidos, razão pela qual o diagnóstico precoce e a intervenção são importantes. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um caso de trombose de artéria renal de rim funcional único, com lise espontânea e tardia do trombo seguida de recuperação funcional inesperada.

Atherosclerosis in the renal arteries is an important triggering factor for thrombosis with subsequent impairment of renal function and viability. Acute occlusion of the renal arteries by a thrombus or embolus is unusual and potentially reversible cause of renal failure. However, the duration of arterial occlusion and ograu compatible with maintaining the viability of renal parenchyma are not well established, which is why early diagnosis and intervention are important. The aim of this paper is to describe a case of renal artery thrombosis functional single kidney with spontaneous lysis of thrombus and late functional recovery after unexpected.

Hypertension due to angiodysplasia.

Renovascular hypertension is non essential hypertension, wherein anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and increased blood pressures are related as cause and effect. The hypertension is due to renal ischemia. Angiodysplasia is an uncommon angiopathy associated with heterogeneous histological changes that may affect the carotid circulation and the visceral and peripheral arteries.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome revealing Takayasu's arteritis.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a rare neuroradiologic condition associated with headache, seizures, altered sensorium, visual disturbances, and characteristic lesions on neuroimaging predominantly affecting the posterior regions of the brain. We report a 10-years-8-months-old girl who presented with headache, multiple seizures, and altered sensorium. Her blood pressure was 130/100 mmHg and left brachial pulse was not palpable. CT scan brain showed typical non-enhancing hypodensities in bilateral parieto-occiptal lobes. Prompt treatment of the hypertension led to rapid reversal of neurological symptoms. CT aortogram revealed aortoarteritis with bilateral renal artery stenosis.

Successful reintroduction of previously failed ACE inhibitor therapy following stenting of atherosclerotic renovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors improve outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the status of the left ventricle. In the presence of functionally significant renovascular disease, ACE inhibitors often cause deterioration of renal function leading to their withdrawal. DESIGN: Observational study with 6 months prospective follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six patients with coronary artery disease and previous ACE inhibitor induced deterioration in renal function underwent renal artery stenting for angiographically-confirmed unilateral renal artery stenosis. Pre-existing significant renal dysfunction was present in 4 patients. Immediate technical success was achieved in all patients. ACE inhibitors were successfully reintroduced and titrated to maximum-tolerated in all 6 patients. At 6 months, one patient died due to progressive heart failure. The other patients remained tolerant of ACE inhibitor treatment with stable or improved renal function. CONCLUSION: Renal angiography should be considered in patients with coronary artery disease and ACE inhibitor induced renal dysfunction. Successful renal artery stenting permits reintroduction of ACE inhibitor with satisfactory maintenance of renal function at 6 months.

Treatment of Fraley’s syndrome by upper-pole nephrectomy

CONTEXT: Fraley’s syndrome is characterized by vascular compression on the superior infundibulum with secondary dilatation of the upper pole calyx, mostly located on the right side. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 22-year-old woman with vascular compression of the upper-pole infundibulocalyceal system (Fraley’s syndrome). The patient had a history of frequent hospitalizations for emergency care due to lumbar pain over the past twelve months. The diagnosis was obtained following renal arteriography. Since the surgical treatment by means of upper-pole nephrectomy, the patient has not had any further symptoms.

CONTEXTO: A síndrome de Fraley é caracterizada por impressão vascular do infundíbulo superior com dilatação secundária do pólo caliceal superior. É geralmente localizada no lado direito. RELATO DE CASO: Nós apresentamos o caso de uma mulher com 22 anos de idade com compressão vascular do sistema infundibulocaliceal do pólo superior (síndrome de Fraley). A paciente trazia história de hospitalizações freqüentes em emergências nos últimos 12 meses devido a cólicas renais. O diagnóstico foi obtido após arteriografia renal. Depois do tratamento cirúrgico por meio de nefrectomia polar superior, a paciente não apresentou mais sintomas.